.: Briol, Peter Zumthor Barbian Dreikirchen, Italy 2007

Briol, Peter Zumthor Barbian Dreikirchen, Italy 2007

The Briol guesthouse in Southern Tyrol, Italy, was built in the year 1928 by the painter Hubert Lanzinger. This is a hideout for lovers of the simple "freshness of summer". The mountain guesthouse is at an altitude of 1300 meters. After climbing through forests and mountain meadows, it takes an hour from the village of Barbian to reach it on foot.

Briol is an old-style mountain hotel, intended primarily for summer occupation. Two of the parlours can be heated with wood stoves; the modest bathrooms and toilets are in the hallway. In the spacious rooms with large balconies, old-fashioned washing bowls and jugs of water are placed on wooden tables. Both owners, Johanna and Urban von Klebelsberg, and log-term guests have no desire to change any of this.

However, for people who wish or need to have more comfortable facilities, for families with children or for small groups, Peter Zumthor has designed five freestanding "tree houses" on stilts. Situated at the edge of the woods to the west of the old guest house, each of the small buildings consists of one main living room and a large outdoor deck that looks out over the valley with a view of the Dolomites. The combination of such a view and life among the trees is such an impressive experience that the architects have to do little more than provide a good place to be and enjoy. The pile dwellings among the trees are basically annexes of the main building, with their own bathrooms and roomy service spaces. Meals are served in the main building. In winter when there's a lot of snow and the main "Briol" is closed, it will still be possible to use one or another of the small houses because there are wood stoves in the living rooms as well as small cooking niches.

"Galerie Gross"
Four-bed unit with separate "sleeping knapsack" and a gallery bedroom. Under the gallery facing the mountain: the vestibule and a small kitchen.

"Rucksack"
A tall, slender living room with a view and a separate bedroom suspended above, a "Rucksack" for up to four beds, with a view of the tree tops.

"Mini"
A large room with four beds and a larger balcony, surrounded on three sides by service spaces - the smallest unit, more to sleep in than to live in.

"Gallerie Klein"
A side entrance with a small kitchen, a tall living room with an outdoor deck, two beds on the gallery and down below a double bed behind the living room.

"Türmchen"
The traditional layout of a parlour with sleeping chamber above it. A long deck in front of the living room and, once again, a U-shaped layer of service spaces acting as a buffer around the living room.

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CLT and Fire Protection

The combustion speed of CLT panels is about 0,7 to 0,8 mm/min, cause of faster combustion at seems and joints.

Outer layers with t > 31 mm have a fire resistance of 30 min in almost every case.

If one layer is completely burnt, the statically effective board height is reduced to the next layer that can transmit the load in the direction of force.

If only the outer layer burns away, the joints only play a small role thanks to the statically effective height/thickness.

In such a case the combustion speed of solid wood (0,65 mm/min) can be assumed.

In case of a 5–layer panel with the same thickness, a fire resistance of 60 min can be achieved (depending on load).

In case of walls REI 60 fire resistance could be achieved by 5-layer boards even with combustion from both sides, when the outer layer is directed in the longitudinal direction of the wall.

For multistory houses often further linings (plasterboard, OSB..) will give additional fire protection for the construction.

Historical Introduction

Wood, as a structural material , presents a radical difference from other materials such as concrete or steel, consequence of its organic character. It constitutes the supporting structure of trees and therefore, its design is perfectly defined in order to fulfill its resistant function. The predominant action in the life of the tree is the wind which causes its flexion, generating parallel normal stresses in the direction of the fiber.

The wood extracted from the tree can be considered as a structural product from the beginning , this point is the main difference compared with steel or reinforced concrete, which require a much higher costs of energy transformation process.

It is apparent that the degree of transformation that wood suffers in order to get used as a structural element has grown from its origins until today. However, currently sophisticated solutions can be contrasted with simpler ones , which have hardly changed since their origin.

The most immediate form of employment was the use of the shaft of the tree or log. It could be used as beams, pillars and also as stack up walls. These were the first applications of wood in construction.

The next step was the squaring of the section, which allowed more accuracy and modulation. Normally , each piece came from a different tree, containing the heart in the central part of the section ( one-pieces). Square timbers were large and there was a limitation in the length of the pieces depending on the height of the tree.

To increase the span, lattice girders were used as trusses; but this was only necessary or usual in roofs.

The history throughout the period corresponding to this wood technique is the history of bonding systems . The most significant problem they faced was the solution to connections between pieces in order to build trusses .

SPANISH REGULATIONS

The incursion of wood for structural use in equal conditions as the other materials is due to the adoption of the Spanish Technical Building Code ( CTE, 2006 ) which includes a basic document related to Structural Safety-Wood (SE- M ) , based on the Eurocode 5 ( EC5 ) .

Previously, LOE law ( Law 38 /1999) hindered the use of wood from the structural point of view , with the reservations made by the Quality Assurance Agencies (OCT ) and the Insurance Companies .

In addition, the publication in 2010 of the Directive 2010/31/EC of the European Parliament and Council , 19 May 2010, aims to promote energy efficiency in buildings .

From December 31, 2020 , all new buildings must have nearly a zero energy consumption. New public buildings must meet the same criteria after December 31, 2018 .

WOOD IN SPAIN

Wood has been with human being since the beginning of the history of construction.

The structural use of wood was limited to structural solutions as wooden studs and beams with a superior decking which supported the pavement and made up the floor.

This traditional solution was no longer used in Spain in the twentieth century, leading to the use of metallic structures and thereafter to a massive use of concrete structures. This fact contributed to the appearance of a specific normative which regulated their use as well as the criteria used in calculating such solutions, forgetting the use and normative of wood structures.

In recent times the use of wood has been very limited, resulting in the appearance of wood structural systems corresponding mainly to roof solutions, being this a light and economical alternative.

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Have a Wood Day